4. Evil as the Absence of Good
This is one of the oldest and most popular theodicies among theologians. It was first developed by St. Augustine in the 4th century and was re-popularized in the 20th century by C.S. Lewis.
Put simply, evil is not a substance in and of itself, it is merely the negation or absence of good. When good is not present the result is evil. Therefore, if God (ultimate good) is not present in a context, person, or situation, evil reigns. So then why would God allow there to be the absence of good?
Free will. Augustine proposed that for there to be love there must be choice, and choice requires free will. If God is to create creatures that can love, they must be able to choose not to love. However, they can use this free will to do other things like create evil. Humans create evil when they “disorder†their loves. Augustine proposed that God create people to always choose good things, but sometimes we choose a lesser good to focus on. The less the good and greater the focus we place on it, the greater the evil that is created.
But why do we need the depth of evil and pain? Why couldn’t humanity have been created with a greater propensity towards good? Shouldn’t our free will be, as least, limited in its potential harm? Why give wicked parents the ability to torture and murder their children? And, couldn’t free will exist but God intervene to prevent major atrocities?
These are necessarily brief summaries which do not get into the complexities of each argument. However, having studied at depth, I find none compelling.
This is an unsatisfying response. It seems rather dismissive of evil. Evil does seem to have a natural force and substance of its own. It also does not sufficiently explain why God would allow good to be “absent. If God is omnipresent, why doesn’t God’s goodness merely overpower and flow into all things?