Democrats at that time were more isolationist. They appealed to smaller farmers in the lower classes interested in very little interaction/taxation with a federal government. Preferably the only encounter with the government would be the post office. Republicans drew their support from the cities. They favored a centralized government in order to enhance international trade agreements, expand transportation sectors, etc. Federalists eventually turned into the Republicans while the anti-federalists fell apart and whose views were represented by the Democrats.
I'm not sure what you mean with your bill of rights question.