Tgump's right, and he's also wrong.
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I just had a conversation with Stickly about this same topic and he's come over to my side.
To respond with a wall of text:
First, you are severely overexaggerating the prevalence of smurfs in ranked. You're citing anecdote with no statistical basis; and in my 3 years of playing League I've never seen the smurf problem that bad.
If you're 'locked' in Silver 2, it's your fault. Have you noticed a trend in people that complain of elo hell? Most are 'stuck' around high Silver. (We'll ignore the ones in Bronze III+, because they're just bad and refuse to improve if they're stuck there.)
So, being plat MMR myself (and I encourage other Diamonds and Plats like Sypherz to ruthlessly exploit anything I say that is incorrect) I can tell you that around the time you progress into Gold, the way people play the game changes. More or less, players win in Bronze and Silver by dominating their lane. You get 5 kills and a turret, and the enemy team doesn't react properly to contain you. You snowball way out of control, the rest of your team gets inadvertently fed by you rampaging across the map, and the game's over.
However, this starts to fundamentally change in Gold and becomes more pervasive the higher you get. Instead of just concentrating on the laning phase, players are
actively attempting to create advantages across the entire team. No longer do they scream and complain about their Lee feeding 10 kills to Zed. Ever watched a respectable Challenger's stream? They go 1-4 in lane sometimes, but they don't give up on the game. They react intelligently to their position, constantly trying to create plays where the enemy doesn't, taking advantage of their missteps. They react defensively, avoid objectives they can't safely take, and wait for the enemy team to make a mistake that they can ruthlessly capitalize on. Anything can happen in solo queue, especially when teams are massively ahead and start throwing. That Zed and Riven that have 20 of the team's 22 kills suicide into tower for a kill worth 30g? Your 4 now have more combined gold than the 3 remaining players who spent all their time giving kills away, and you quickly ace them, grabbing Baron, a couple of turrets, and map control via wards. Suddenly, there's a ~7k swing in gold value. Those 800g bounties on Zed and Riven went to your AD carry and he just got a free Last Whisper. Your team itemizes against them, overpowers them via an effective 5v2, and you take the game. In Bronze, the teams don't bother. They just scream and rage that THEY deserve to win because THEY went 8-0 in lane. They don't realize that they lose more games than they win because the enemy team is exploiting their mistakes while they make no effort to exploit theirs.
And what if you're ahead in lane? Again, in Bronze, the teams don't bother. For example, Jim goes 9-0 in lane against Tom. Jim keeps pushing their lane and perhaps takes an inner turret. Meanwhile the rest of their team gets steamrolled by a more coordinated enemy, and they lose swiftly. Final score 9-2-0, defeat. Repeat. That same game in Plat will likely be played very differently. Jim wins his lane. He doesn't go 9-0, because Tom realized the lane was lost after a few deaths, and plays passively, taking whatever CS he can get. Jim still focuses on trying to kill Tom, but Tom manages to stay alive and continues farming until he loses his turret. While Jim is farming without vision, Tom recalls to base and runs Mid, scoring a doublekill and tower off of a counter-gank. Meanwhile, a couple members of your team ganked Tom, who was overextended without wards. Your ADC just collected his 600g bounty and are that much closer to endgame. By the time 20 minutes rolls around, Tom is 1-4-7 with 150CS and Jim is 4-1-0 with 40CS. Tom is ahead in gold despite losing lane because he contributed more to his team than Jim.
Decent enough example? There is no elo hell. Progressing past Silver is determined by your ability to make plays, create advantages, and exploit the enemy's mistakes. Of course, everyone has completely unwinnable games. Shit happens. If you're truly better than your rank, the number of steamroll games will outnumber the unwinnable games and your elo will go up despite those wrinkles.
If smurfs truly were responsible for an ELO hell, wouldn't it exist in every rung of the ladder? Yet it doesn't. I don't hear many Gold or Plat players complain about being stuck there because of their teammates. They recognize what they need to do to win games, and now they play to improve themselves, because they recognize they are responsible for their own performance.