Derankers/Boosters are the game exact person.
When you derank, as hauntedddd said, you basically try to lose in whatever playlist. When you lose, obviously your rank goes down. Have you ever wondered why you would see a very high XP and a very low skill in a playlist? Either they suck really bad, or they are indeed a deranker. After they lose a lot of games (500+), you can be a good booster.
When boosting, you basically play with someone who has a new account or an account that doesn't have many losses/XP in that playlist. Usually, they'll be good, meaning they play against bad players. So, if you're a 40 being boosted, and the booster is a 10 in that playlist, you'll play low 30s usually, meaning that you will most likely win. So, if that booster has a lot of losses and wins a lot with you, your rank goes really high up.
Quite simple after you've done it haha.