Yeah it's been linked here before. You can get a screen glare filter to fit onto your monitor also if you like.
I just press F11 for brightness down, an F12 for brightness up. I don't see the necessity to download a program to adjust it not knowing what kind of lighting I'm in.
I just did a little bit of research and it basically makes your monitor look like what it would if you were wearing gunner glasses (google it).
Yeah I think it does more than just changing the brightness. I don't know how to really explain it without sounding like an idiot, but the colors feel softer on the eyes.
Been using this for ages now since I found it on reddit and I am so grateful for it, I want it on my phone as well but I've only heard of being able to if you jailbreak it
Yeah, it's basically doing the same thing for your computer screen: removing blue light. http://www.gunnars.com/what-is-the-blue-light-from-our-screens-really-doing-to-our-eyes/ This is like free gunnars.
Blue light is relatively much higher in energy than red or green light. You notice this particularly if you go diving in a reef. You see pictures of coral reefs on the internet and they're very colourful, however if you go diving they appear mostly blue-green. This is because red light has the lowest ability to pierce the water, followed by green, and then blue. In other words, you can think of blue light as having the most "piercing" ability. Mathematically, energy of light is: E = hc/L - where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light and L is the wavelength of the light. As h and c are constant, this means E is inversely proportional to wavelength. As you can see, blue light has the lowest wavelength in the visible spectrum, therefore it has the highest energy. I believe the concept behind F.lux is therefore to minimise the amount of energy you're blasting your eyes with, so to say.
Flux is a really good alternative to Gunnars. However I prefer Gunnars because you can get prescription